JAINISM

PRERNA FOR IAS

JAINISM

1. Jain Philosophy and Principles

Jainism is one of the oldest religions of India, founded on the principles of non-violence, self-discipline, and spiritual purity. It teaches that ignorance and attachment bind the soul to the cycle of birth and death. According to Jain philosophy, every living being possesses a soul and deserves equal respect. Liberation (Moksha) is achieved through the Three Jewels (Triratna)—Right Faith, Right Knowledge, and Right Conduct. Jainism rejects the idea of a creator God and emphasizes personal effort, truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possession. Its teachings promote compassion, self-control, and peaceful coexistence with all forms of life.

2. Major Sects of Jainism

Jainism is mainly divided into two sects: Digambara and Shvetambara. The Digambara sect believes that complete renunciation requires monks to remain unclothed, symbolizing freedom from material attachment. It also believes women must be reborn as men before attaining liberation. The Shvetambara sect allows monks to wear white clothes and accepts that women can also achieve Moksha. Both sects follow the teachings of Lord Mahavira and share common beliefs such as non-violence, karma, and liberation, but they differ in rituals, scriptures, monastic practices, and interpretations of certain religious traditions developed over centuries.

3. Jain Councils

Jain Councils were organized to preserve and compile the teachings of Lord Mahavira after his death. The First Jain Council was held around 300 BCE at Pataliputra under the leadership of Sthulabhadra, where Jain scriptures were collected and arranged. The Second Jain Council took place at Valabhi in Gujarat during the 6th century CE, led by Devardhigani Kshamashramana. During this council, the Jain scriptures were finally written down and systematically compiled. These councils played an important role in preserving Jain philosophy, maintaining religious unity, and ensuring that Mahavira’s teachings were accurately passed to future generations.

4. Jain Literature