LICHEN

PRERNA FOR IAS

         Mehnat Aapki, Guidance Humari

         Roz ki Prelims Practice — Experts ke Saath

LICHEN

1. Lichen

Lichen is a unique symbiotic association between an alga (or cyanobacterium) and a fungus. In this partnership, the alga performs photosynthesis and prepares food, while the fungus provides water, minerals, protection, and support. Lichens grow on rocks, tree bark, soil, and old walls, often in harsh environments where other plants cannot survive. They are slow-growing organisms and are highly sensitive to air pollution, making them excellent bioindicators of environmental quality. Lichens contribute to soil formation by breaking down rocks and play important ecological roles. Some species are also used in dyes, perfumes, medicines, and traditional remedies.

2. Industrial Products Obtained from Fungi

Fungi are economically important microorganisms that produce many valuable industrial products through fermentation and biotechnology. They are used to manufacture citric acid, gluconic acid, enzymes, vitamins, organic acids, and alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine. Certain fungi also produce yeast, which is widely used in baking and brewing industries. Some species are used in cheese production and food processing. Industrial fermentation using fungi has become an essential part of pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries because fungal products are cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and can be produced on a large scale under controlled conditions.

3. Antibiotics Produced by Fungi