OZONE DEPLETION-4

PRERNA FOR IAS

         Mehnat Aapki, Guidance Humari

         Roz ki Prelims Practice — Experts ke Saath

OZONE DEPLETION-4

1. Carbon Tax

A Carbon Tax is an environmental tax imposed on fossil fuels based on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) they emit when burned. It follows the "Polluter Pays Principle," making industries and consumers pay for the environmental damage caused by greenhouse gas emissions. The main objective is to encourage the use of cleaner energy sources, improve energy efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions. Countries such as Finland, Sweden, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Singapore have implemented carbon taxes. India does not currently have a formal carbon tax but uses measures like coal cess and carbon pricing initiatives to reduce emissions.

2. Net Zero

Net Zero refers to a state where the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere is balanced by the amount removed through natural or technological methods. It does not mean eliminating all emissions but ensuring that remaining emissions are offset through carbon sinks such as forests or carbon capture technologies. Achieving Net Zero is essential to limit global warming and meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. India announced its commitment to achieve Net Zero emissions by 2070. This target encourages renewable energy, afforestation, clean technology, sustainable transportation, and energy-efficient industries.

3. Types of Forests

Forests are classified based on climate, rainfall, vegetation, and geographical location. The major forest types include Evergreen Forests, Deciduous Forests, Coniferous Forests, Mediterranean Forests, Grasslands, Desert Vegetation, and Tundra Vegetation. Evergreen forests remain green throughout the year, while deciduous forests shed their leaves seasonally. Coniferous forests consist mainly of cone-bearing trees in cold regions. Mediterranean forests are adapted to dry summers and mild winters. Grasslands support grasses rather than dense forests, while deserts and tundra have sparse vegetation due to extreme climatic conditions. Each forest type supports unique biodiversity and ecological functions.

4. Evergreen Forests