PHYSICS FORMULAS

PRERNA FOR IAS

PHYSICS FORMULAS

1. Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton’s Laws of Motion form the foundation of classical mechanics. The First Law, also known as the Law of Inertia, states that an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. The Second Law explains that force equals mass multiplied by acceleration (F = ma), showing how force affects motion. The Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. These laws help explain everyday phenomena such as walking, driving, and launching rockets. They are widely used in engineering, transportation, sports science, and space exploration.

2. Gravitation

Gravitation is the force of attraction between any two objects with mass. Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation states that the gravitational force between two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Gravitation keeps planets in orbit around the Sun and the Moon around Earth. Important concepts include gravitational field, gravitational potential, escape velocity, and orbital velocity. Gravitation is responsible for tides, planetary motion, and the structure of the universe. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature and governs celestial mechanics.

3. Work, Energy and Power

Work, energy, and power are fundamental concepts in physics. Work is done when a force causes displacement of an object. Energy is the capacity to do work and exists in various forms, including kinetic and potential energy. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. Efficiency measures how effectively energy is converted into useful work. These concepts are important in machines, engines, electricity generation, transportation, and industrial applications.

4. Rotational Dynamics

Rotational dynamics deals with the motion of rotating bodies and the forces that influence them. Important quantities include angular displacement, angular velocity, angular accelerati