TRIBES OF INDIA

PRERNA FOR IAS

Mehnat Aapki, Guidance Humari

Roz ki Prelims Practice — Experts ke Saath

TRIBES OF INDIA

Tribes of India

India is home to one of the largest tribal populations in the world, with more than 700 Scheduled Tribes (STs) recognized under the Constitution. According to the 2011 Census, the Scheduled Tribe population is about 10.45 crore (8.6% of India's population). Tribal communities mainly inhabit forests, hills, and remote regions and possess distinct languages, customs, traditions, and lifestyles. Major tribal states include Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and the North-Eastern states. Tribes contribute significantly to India's cultural diversity, environmental conservation, traditional knowledge, handicrafts, agriculture, and sustainable use of natural resources.

Scheduled Tribes (ST)

Scheduled Tribes (STs) are communities recognized under Article 342 of the Constitution of India. These communities generally have distinctive cultures, geographical isolation, unique traditions, and socio-economic disadvantages. The President of India specifies the list of Scheduled Tribes for each state and union territory after consultation with the respective Governor. STs receive constitutional safeguards such as reservation in education, government jobs, legislatures, and welfare schemes. Various constitutional provisions, including the Fifth and Sixth Schedules, protect tribal rights over land, forests, and self-governance. These measures aim to promote social justice, equality, and inclusive development.

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) are the most vulnerable among India's Scheduled Tribes. Earlier known as Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs), they were renamed PVTGs in 2006. India currently has 75 PVTGs spread across several states and union territories. These communities are identified based on declining or stagnant population, pre-agricultural technology, low literacy, subsistence economy, and economic backwardness. The Government implements special development programmes to improve their education, healthcare, housing, livelihoods, and nutrition. Protecting PVTGs is essential for preserving India's indigenous heritage, cultural diversity, and ensuring inclusive socio-economic development.

Constitutional Provisions for Tribal Welfare